Carbon credit

Carbon credit Carbon credits is a system received by national and universal governments to moderate the impacts of Green House Gases(GHGs). One Carbon Credit is equivalent to one ton of Carbon. Ozone depleting substances are topped and showcases are utilized to direct the discharges from the sources. The thought is to permit showcase components to drive modern and business forms toward low Greenhouse Gases(GHGs). These relief ventures create credits, which can be exchanged the global markets for financial advantages. There are likewise numerous organizations that sell carbon credits to business and individual clients who are keen on bringing down their carbon impression on a deliberate premise. These carbon offsetters buy the credits from a venture support or a carbon improvement organization that has amassed the credits from singular undertakings. The nature of the credits is situated to a limited extent on the approval procedure and advancement of the reserve or improvement organization that went about as the support to the carbon venture. This is reflected in their value; deliberate units commonly have less an incentive than the units sold through the thoroughly approved Clean Development Mechanism. Foundation Petroleum products are the significant wellspring of Greehouse Gas Emissions. Ventures, for example, Power, Textile, Fertilizer utilize non-renewable energy sources for their high volumes of activities. The significant ozone harming substances radiated by these businesses are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and so forth, all of which increment the environments capacity to trap infrared vitality and in this way influence the atmosphere. The expanding mindfulness about the ecological debasement offered ascend to the idea called Carbon Credit. The IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) has seen that: Strategies that give a genuine or understood cost of carbon could make motivating forces for makers and buyers to fundamentally put resources into low-GHG items, advances and procedures. Such strategies could incorporate monetary instruments, government subsidizing and guideline, while taking note of that a tradable license framework is one of the arrangement instruments that has been demonstrated to be earth successful in the modern segment, as long as there are sensible degrees of consistency over the underlying assignment system and cost. The system was formalized in the Kyoto Protocol, a global understanding between in excess of 170 nations, and the market components were concurred through the ensuing Accords. Emanation Allowances The Protocol concurred tops or shares on the most extreme measure of Greenhouse gases for created and creating nations. Thus these nations set amounts on the emanations of establishments run by nearby business and different associations, conventionally named administrators. Nations deal with this through their own national vaults, which are required to be approved and checked for consistence by the UNFCCC. Every administrator has a recompense of credits, where every unit gives the proprietor the option to emanate one metric ton of carbon dioxide or other proportional ozone harming substance. Administrators that have not spent their shares can sell their unused stipends as carbon credits, while organizations that are going to surpass their amounts can purchase the additional remittances as credits, secretly or on the open market. As interest for vitality develops after some time, the complete outflows should in any case remain inside the top, yet it permits industry some adaptability and consistency in its intending to oblige this. By allowing recompenses to be purchased and sold, an administrator can search out the most savvy method of lessening its discharges, either by putting resources into cleaner apparatus and rehearses or by buying outflows from another administrator who as of now has abundance limit. Since 2005, the Kyoto instrument has been embraced for CO2 exchanging by all the nations inside the European Union under its European Trading Scheme (EU ETS) with the European Commission as its approving position. From 2008, EU members must connection with the other created nations who confirmed the convention, and exchange the six most critical anthropogenic ozone harming substances. In the United States, which has not confirmed Kyoto, and Australia, whose sanction came into power in March 2008, comparable plans are being thought of. Kyotos Flexible Mechanisms A credit can be an emanations recompense which was initially dispensed or unloaded by the national executives of a top and-exchange program, or it tends to be a counterbalanced of discharges. Such counterbalancing and moderating exercises can happen in any creating nation which has sanctioned the Kyoto Protocol, and has a national understanding set up to approve its carbon venture through one of the UNFCCCs endorsed instruments. When endorsed, these units are named Certified Emission Reductions, or CERs. The Protocol permits these undertakings to be developed and credited ahead of time of the Kyoto exchanging period. The Kyoto Protocol accommodates three components that empower nations or administrators in created nations to obtain ozone depleting substance decrease credit. Under Joint Implementation (JI) a created nation with moderately significant expenses of residential nursery decrease would set up an undertaking in another created nation. Under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) a created nation can support an ozone harming substance decrease venture in a creating nation where the expense of ozone depleting substance decrease venture exercises is typically much lower, yet the environmental impact is universally proportional. The created nation would be given credits for meeting its emanation decrease targets, while the creating nation would get the capital venture and clean innovation or helpful change in land use. Under International Emissions Trading (IET) nations can exchange the worldwide carbon credit market to cover their deficiency in stipends. Nations with surplus credits can offer them to nations with topped outflow duties under the Kyoto Protocol. These carbon activities can be made by a national government or by an administrator inside the nation. Emanation Markets One recompense or CER is viewed as comparable to one metric ton of CO2 emanations. These stipends can be sold secretly or in the universal market at the common market cost. Every global exchange is approved by the UNFCCC. Atmosphere trades have been built up to give a spot advertise in stipends, just as fates and choices market to help find a market cost and look after liquidity. Carbon costs are typically cited in Euros per ton of carbon dioxide or its comparable (CO2e). Other nursery gasses can likewise be exchanged, however are cited as standard products of carbon dioxide as for their a worldwide temperature alteration potential. These highlights lessen the quantities budgetary effect on business, while guaranteeing that the amounts are met at a national and worldwide level. Numerous organizations presently participate in emanations decrease, counterbalancing, and sequestration projects to create credits that can be sold on one of the trades. Overseeing outflows is one of the quickest developing fragments in money related administrations in the City of London with a market now worth about â‚ ¬30 billion, however which could develop to â‚ ¬1 trillion inside 10 years. Louis Redshaw, head of ecological markets at Barclays Capital predicts that Carbon will be the universes greatest ware market, and it could turn into the universes greatest market in general. Setting A Market Price For Carbon Vitality use and emanations ought to be held under steady check else they will just ascent after some time. Thus the quantity of organizations expecting to purchase credits will increment over the timeframe. This Supply-Demand for credits will decide the cost of the Carbon which will thusly urge organizations to go more clean. An individual remittance, for example, a Kyoto Assigned Amount Unit (AAU) or its close identical European Union Allowance (EUA), may have an alternate market an incentive to a balance, for example, a CER. This is because of the absence of a created optional market for CERs, an absence of homogeneity between ventures which causes trouble in estimating. Moreover, counterbalances produced by a carbon venture under the Clean Development Mechanism are conceivably constrained in esteem since administrators in the EU ETS are limited with respect to what level of their recompense can be met through these adaptable systems. Raising the cost of carbon will accomplish four objectives. To begin with, it will give signs to purchasers about what products and ventures are high-carbon ones and ought to along these lines be utilized all the more sparingly. Second, it will give signs to makers about which information sources utilize more carbon, (for example, coal and oil) and which utilize less or none, (for example, flammable gas or atomic force), in this manner prompting firms to substitute low-carbon inputs. Third, it will give showcase motivating forces for creators and trend-setters to create and present low-carbon items and procedures that can supplant the current age of advancements. Fourth, and generally significant, a high carbon cost will conserve on the data that is required to do every one of the three of these assignments. Through the market component, a high carbon cost will raise the cost of items as per their carbon content Reactions Natural limitations and exercises have been forced on organizations through guideline. Many are uncomfortable with this way to deal with overseeing emanations. The Kyoto system is the main globally concurred component for managing carbon credit exercises, and, urgently, incorporates checks for additionality and in general viability. Its supporting association, the UNFCCC, is the main association with a worldwide order on the general adequacy of discharge control frameworks, in spite of the fact that implementation of choices depends on national co-activity. The Kyoto exchanging period just applies for a long time somewhere in the range of 2008 and 2012. The primary period of the EU ETS framework began before at that point, and is required to proceed in a third stage rearward

How employees react when facing organization change and what HR Dissertation

How workers respond when confronting association change and what HR director ought to do - Dissertation Example In this way business associations to adequately exist in such a changing situation are required to consolidate more up to date changes or adjustments and furthermore to improve as far as procedures and frameworks followed. Anyway associations over the span of rendering or fusing such changes are found to increase significant obstruction from worker bodies. The paper in the above light will in general lead an exploration identifying with business parts like vehicle assembling, retail and data innovation wherein through optional and essential research action it centers around the distinctive representative responses to changes and required administration mediations thereof. Presentation Globalization alongside overall rivalry has applied extraordinary weight on hierarchical pioneers and chiefs for continually adjusting and workforces to the changing industry conditions and conditions. Associations are continually presented to the dynamic idea of the business world and incessant monetary vacillations. The associations relating to the adjustments in the outside social and financial condition require suitably changing or modifying their inner structures and approaches to appropriately suit the outer natural changes. Associations having neglected to appropriately adjust them to the outer social and financial changes have in this manner neglected to withstand the requests exuding from its outside structure and consequently blurred away. Changes that will in general happen inside the association happen along various classes. Classifications of inside authoritative changes happen relating to changes in administration or the board style, to the presentation of new hierarchi cal execution and innovation arrangements and systems and furthermore have a place with the progressions rendered in the current authoritative structure. It might likewise relate to the adjustments in frameworks and strategies achieved as far as preparing existing hierarchical assets for better execution. These kinds of authoritative changes are required to be achieved in the light of evolving social, political, administrative, monetary and innovative situation in the outside scene of the worry. Inward changes inside the worry additionally bear connection to the adjustments in the administrative structures inside the worry. New supervisors, arrangements or mechanical and infrastructural improvements looked for inside the worry will in general impactsly affect the work-life connections of hierarchical individuals at various levels. Changes inside the current authoritative structure and strategies are grasped by the administrators utilized both at center and top level attributable to future guarantees and desires for better hierarchical execution in the related business segment. In this way with the assistance of changes

What is Chemistry Lab Report Format

What is Chemistry Lab Report Format Lab reports are an important part of all college laboratory courses and usually, account for a significant part of your grade. Students who study chemistry spend most of their time writing lab reports which are rather challenging tasks as they require strong analytical and writing skills. This short guide will explain some major issues in writing chemistry lab reports and provides you with some writing tips about accepted conventions and appropriate style for general chemistry as well as some tips for writing an organic chemistry lab report. A chemistry lab report is a written version of the experiment that you performed in the laboratory. After you have finished a lab experiment, and have gathered all the essential information and any additional data from different analytical instruments in your notebook, you have to write a lab report about your results. The main goal of writing lab reports is to describe exactly what happened in an experiment you have performed or your observation and analyze the results. A formal lab report in chemistry organizes and clarifies the data that can be found in detailed lab notes, and adds some background information and a more detailed discussion about the results that were achieved during the experiments. You should convey your information and the conclusions that you have made to other people so that they can understand. That’s why you must follow certain formalities. This is why this piece of writing is called a formal report. If you are not sure how to write a chemistry report, here is a general format for a lab report you can use. It usually includes the following sections: The abstract is a brief summary of the lab report which includes information about the goals of the experiment, the methods that were used, the results, and the major conclusions. The introduction describes the problem of your research and gives background information to provide a context, contains the statement of purpose and the hypothesis. The materials and methods section gives a detailed description of experimental procedures so that everyone could replicate the experiment. The results section includes the data that have been collected and summarizes them with tables, text, charts, and figures. The discussion section explains why the results are important, summarizes the findings, and suggests their theoretical implications. The conclusion section provides a concise summary of what exactly was done and how it was done as well as the results of the experiments and your own conclusions. The references section gives a list of books and articles that were cited in different sections of your lab report. Here are some general chemistry lab report tips: Keep in mind that analytical chemistry lab report should convey what you have done during your experiment or observation in a concise, well-organized, and easy to read manner. You should write your report in the past tense and use the passive non-personal voice. All the above-mentioned sections should be clearly labeled and present the relevant information. You should write in complete sentences with proper sentence structure and correct grammar. Calculations, equations, and structures can be written by hand even in the typed report. The ACS citation style is commonly used for writing academic works in chemistry. Need Help with Organic Chemistry Lab Report? Writing lab reports in organic chemistry differs from the way is usually performed in general chemistry. The goal of any lab course in organic chemistry is to teach students the main record keeping methods that are commonly used in research labs. There are two types of reports that are usually assigned in an organic chemistry lab course: lab reports that are records of experiments conducted in the lab and special assignments that are to be completed outside the laboratory. Lab reports in organic chemistry have a set format. They can refer to physical experiments and chemical synthesis experiments. Physical experiments may be of two types: purification techniques or separations and characterization techniques. Lab reports for chemical synthesis refer to experiments where students have to prepare substance from certain starting materials which involves a chemical reaction. Synthesis lab reports must always include chemical equations. Many students find chemistry, especially organic chemistry, challenging. You have to learn a lot of structures and equations to succeed in writing good chemistry lab reports. Besides, you should write lab reports that are proper in style and error-free. If you are still not certain that you can complete your numerous chemistry lab reports on your own, you can take advantage of hiring a professional writer on our custom paper writing service and order a model lab report in chemistry. Your custom lab report can serve you as a practical guide that will help you understand how to write a chemistry lab report that deserves a high grade. Our experienced writers have knowledge and skills to cope with any challenging chemistry topic and provide you with a perfect sample you can follow.

Queen Elizabeth The 1st And Prime Minister Of England

We will look at the contrast between Queen Elizabeth the 1st and Prime Minister of England, Margret Thatcher. Viewing the influences, achievements, and similarities throughout their periods of history, Elizabeth I was born to royalty, Margaret was born to common parents. Queen Elizabeth I was the daughter of King Henry VIII and her mother was Anne Boleyn. Elizabeth I was born on September 7, 1533, her parents were expecting a royal son, but instead they got a royal daughter, she was baptized and christened Elizabeth after her grandmother, Elizabeth of York. The christening took place in what was known as the â€Å"Observant Franciscans at Franciscans at Greenwich,† (Collinson. 2010. Elizabeth 1533-1603) the same church where her father before her was also baptized. At the time of Elizabeth’s birth there were a lot of scandalous rumors about Henry VIII and his second wife Anne Boleyn, and their blasphemous marriage outside the Catholic Church. Henry VIII went against th e constitution and religious traditions of his country. There was a religious revolution known as the, Henrician reformation was going go at the time of Elizabeth’s birth and his divorce from Katherine of Aragon his first wife who was Catholic, the religious tradition of England and Ireland during that time (Collinson. 2010. Elizabeth 1533-1603). Elizabeth was indeed a royal baby with all the privileges of a special child of royalty. Her mother Anne was the one that influenced the King regarding ProtestantismShow MoreRelatedSt. Paul s Cathedral1104 Words   |  5 PagesCathedral is an English Baroque styled cathedral dedicated to Paul of Apostle and the second cathedral to be built on the same site, first being Old St. Paul’s Cathedral which was also dedicated to Paul of Apostle. It is located in the City of London, England. The Fourth St. Paul’s, more commonly known as Old St. Paul’s Cathedral, was built by the Normans in 1087. The Normans, who in recent times had just conquered Britain, and were determined to build the largest Christian church in the world. The constructionRead MoreBritish Influence on the Hong Kong Government1718 Words   |  7 Pagesgovernment is consisted of two parts, Parliament and the monarch. The monarch of Great Britain (currently Queen Elizabeth II) is in charge of state affairs while the Parliament is more concerned in government affairs [3]. Parliament is headed by the Prime Minister (Gordon Brown), who is chosen to the position by the current monarch, with members of the Cabinet chosen by the Prime Minister from the House of Commons and the House of Lords. 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Effects Of Caffeine On The Future - 1332 Words

Currently I know that there are a few behaviors that I do that will affect my health negatively in the future. I would like to change one of the following habits: get at least 8 hours of sleep by getting to bed earlier, try to stop biting my nails by chewing gum instead, lose 5 pounds by the end of the semester by exercise and change in diet, stop drinking caffeine by slowly decreasing intake and replacing it with water or not caffeinated beverages within one month, or watch less Netflix by replacing it with more study time and reading. The behavior I have decided to change is to stop drinking caffeinated and switch to a healthy alternative (water, sprite, unsweet tea, etc.). Caffeine could help to change some of the other behaviors such†¦show more content†¦Lastly it would help to prevent the chance of type 2 diabetes. While black coffee can help to prevent diabetes, sugary coffee and sodas could lead to type 2 diabetes. Caffeine has a lot of negative effects on the body, i t is amazing the changes that will occur when it is cut out of your life. Mentally, caffeine may cause increased anxiety, especially as a college student added anxiety is definitely something we do not need. In the long run anxiety may lead to depression. Physically, caffeine can cause weight gain. Many experts say that sugary drinks are a huge cause of the obesity epidemic in the western world. Obesity leads to a shorter lifespan and a lot of health issues. Socially, caffeine causes some people to be irritable which may lead to complicated relationships with friends or co-workers. If you become socially isolated or have issues with people in could also lead to depression which wears your body down. Financially, caffeinated beverages cost a lot of money per year, which is money that can be used toward healthy food choices or towards a new car. If you are not financially stable it may cause added stress to your life which could lead to anxiety. Environmentally, Caffeine addiction pla ces a tremendous strain on our natural resources. Think of the number of plastic bottles, cans, and cups that have to be produced in order to meet the demand. The environment will get so polluted that the air could be harmful toShow MoreRelatedEffect of Caffeine Consumption on Academic Performance in College Undergraduates1728 Words   |  7 Pages Effect of Caffeine Consumption on Academic Performance in College Undergraduates Morgan Bolen, Maria Naula-Quintero, and Carlin Wright Michigan State University Abstract In this study we are interested in assessing the relationship between average amount of caffeine consumed per day and academic performance. We hypothesized that an increase in average caffeine consumed per day would result in increased academic success. 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While each of the three categories of sleep suggest the finding that caffeine consumption decreased reaction times on average, the statistical analysisRead MoreEssay On Caffeine1006 Words   |  5 Pagesvitality. Even though coffee is the most prominent, caffeine can also be found inside sodas, teas, and even energy drinks. Caffeine is a psychoactive drug that stimulates the central nervous system. A typical cup of coffee encompasses about ninety-five milligrams of caffeine. Studies have been performed to observe the effects of caffeine and how it effects so many individuals. For an instance, some studies have discovered that the effects of caffeine may be different for some individuals dependingRead MoreEffect Of A Substance O n Daphnia1285 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract: The experiment was conducted by a number of individuals to see how the effects of a substance would have an effect on a Daphnia. The Daphnia’s were placed in multiple different substances environment to see the effect it would have on their heart rates. When doing the experiment the first step was to take the Daphnia and put it a Water solution to observe the heart rate of the Daphnia and record the heart rate. Recording of the heart rate were taken for when the Daphnia were in the WaterRead MoreDangers of Caffeine Essay1223 Words   |  5 Pagesup each day or keeps us focused. It is what drives us to go the extra mile. Caffeine is a product that is being used in all sorts of drinks ranging from colas to our early morning cup of tea. Most people whose life is always on an ever moving work pace feel it is a needed necessity to keep them going, People ranging from bcig business people to mare student. The main reason for this review is to see just how much caffeine affects th e life of an average student both negative and positively and alsoRead MoreHormones And The Potential Toxicity Of Caffeine916 Words   |  4 Pagesvoiced about caffeinism and the potential toxicity of caffeine, including risks associated with its use during pregnancy. In your opinion, how serious are those risks? According to Hart Ksir (2010, p. 274), the major concerns voiced about caffeinism are the physiological symptoms from excessive use of caffeine such as nervousness, irritability, tremulousness, muscle twitching, insomnia, flushed appearance and elevated temperature. Caffeine has been found to not be very toxic; it would take aboutRead MoreNegative Effects Of Caffeine880 Words   |  4 Pages Is Caffeine good or bad for living organisms? This is a topic that has been debated all around the world. Plants are essential to life on earth because of their ability to make food. They make food by using a process called photosynthesis. Some plants can also produce caffeine on their own. Caffeine speeds up regeneration in Planaria. Caffeine is used to stimulate the central nervous system. Caffeine is consumed in large quantities daily, but it can have both positive and negative effects on livingRead MoreChemistry in Everydaylife1042 Words   |  5 Pagesnatural science. a language with its own vocabulary. a way of thinking. Why Study Chemistry? : Why Study Chemistry? everyone and everything around us involves chemistry What in the world isn’t Chemistry? helps you make choices possible career for your future used to attain a specific goal Do you remember â€Å"pure† and â€Å"applied† chemistry? Section 1.2Chemistry Far and Wide : Section 1.2Chemistry Far and Wide OBJECTIVES: Summarize ways in which chemistry affects your daily life. Section 1.2Chemistry Far

Criteria for Example Essay Free Essays

The Criteria For A Good Example Essay There are several factors that contribute to good example essay writing. Having excellent grammar, using words correctly, punctuation, and presentation are the biggest points to me. Grammar is important for several reasons. We will write a custom essay sample on Criteria for Example Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Grammar is what enables us to make structured sentences. Everyone uses grammar to form a sentence. If you have bad grammar, the point of your sentence(s) may become unclear and make it hard for a reader to understand what you are saying. Using words correctly shows that you have a basic knowledge and understanding of grammar. It is a pet-peeve of mine. If someone writes, â€Å"There enrolled in English class. † as opposed to, â€Å"They’re enrolled in English class. † it makes them sound less educated then someone who uses the right form of the word. Using punctuation the right way is very important because it can change the whole meaning of a word or the structure of your sentence. For example: if someone is trying to say, â€Å"There is the classroom for my English class. and they write, â€Å"They’re is the classroom for my English class. † it changes the sentence to â€Å"They are is the classroom for my English class. † It just simply doesn’t make sense. Also, punctuation allows a writer to separate thoughts, show where someone speaking would normally pause, and make the sentence more easily understood to the reader. Presentation is, in my opinion, the most impor tant thing. It reminds me of my career with food, for example. There could be the most amazing tasting dish in front of you but you would never know it if the plate was a sloppy mess. You are more likely to enjoy a dish if it appears to look appealing before you’ve even tasted it. The same goes with an essay. If the format is all wrong and it is hard to understand, you will be more likely to think the content isn’t well prepared and thought out. In conclusion, I believe you can create your own idea of the criteria for good essay writing. This was my example of what I think it takes to be a successful essay writer. You must have a strong knowledge of all the components you believe are important to successfully express your statement. How to cite Criteria for Example Essay, Essays

Various Issue faced by ABC Company-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the various Issues that affected ABC Company in a case study. Answer: Introduction The purpose of this paper is to critically analyze organizational behavior in workplace so as to increase project team performance. In any organization, there is need to enhance team that culminate to individual performance and team performance (Malin Maidment, 2003). However, during the process of project execution, a lot of problems arise which delay the performance from all organizational platforms. In this report, we aim at analyzing a case study that affect ABC Company few years ago. The paper will indicate the cause of the problem that made the company to experience difficulties in project performance. It will determine the level of damage caused by the problem in the case study. In addition, the paper will apply basic work performance theories and strategies so as to solve the problem in the case study. In that connection, the paper will provide mitigation strategies for solving the problems facing the company (Marshall, 2013). In any mitigation process, it is very important to suggest different recommendations that can be applied to prevent the problem from occurring in future as well as assist other similar companies from facing a similar challenge. Through appropriate recommendations, the paper will act as a benchmarking tool to be used as a reference in the future. The issue under consideration is drawn from ABC Company. This is one of the companies with huge number of workers in the region. The company deals with industrial activities of tea processing. Therefore, the number of employees in this company is quite big bearing in mind the type of activities carried on in the industry. The mode of operation in this company has not been smooth in the last few years. The main issue that affected performance in this company is low salaries and wages to employees despite long working hours. This issue has led to several other issues in the company making the situation unbearable. Therefore, more challenges in the operation of ABC Company are based on the core issue of low salaries and wages to employees. In order to fully understand the situation in ABC Company, the case study below will fully demonstrate the problem (McKenzie Pharoah, 2009). The case study will expound the issue so as to determine the level of seriousness in work engagement, work pe rformance, working conditions and working culture. It is important to consider all the asserted aspects in workplace so as to promote and increase project team performance. These working aspects have a perfect positive correlation. Any attempt to exclude one of them from the rest, the performance of the company become unbearable. ABC Company Case Study Analysis The case study on ABC Company relate to low salaries and wages to workers despite long working hours. This issue is very crucial to any company as far as performance is concerned. ABC Company was established to process tea products once the farmers harvest them from their farms. Over the last three years, the quantity harvested by farmers across all the regions has increased significantly (Reece and Walker, 2007). However, ABC Company has not managed to increase the quantity of workforce so as to accommodate the huge volumes of tea collected from the farms. Initially, the process of tea processing has been performed smoothly because the quality collected from the farms was directly proportional to workers employed by the company. Therefore, workers managed to meet targets in tea processing as set by the management of ABC Company. The company made huge profits from this activity since many investors exported large volumes of tea to other international markets. In the two years, the volume of tea collected from the farms increased at a rate of 20% more than what the farmers used to produce. This quantity is more than what ABC Company can process with the current mode of working system. The company has not increased more workers so as to accommodate this change in tea produced by farmers. In that case, the strategy applied by the company to accommodate this change is absolutely poor. When management team meet in the last annual general meeting, they agreed to increasing working hours for each employee of the company so as to increase output per worker (Sampson, 2013). This would assist the company to increase project team performance. However, the biggest tragedy with this policy is the salaries and wages provided to these employees. The management team did not increase salaries and wages top these employees despite increase in working hours per worker. This decision has brought a lot of disagreement in the company. Workers are very bitter s ince the company is exploiting them. This issue has brought several other issues and the company is likely to incur huge losses. As a result of low salaries and wages, worker have engaged themselves in civil strikes so as to demand salary increment. Very few employees are attending duties in the company. Those few who attend duty are most probably practicing go-slow (Sanders Tamma, 2015). The company is in a dilemma which may result to collapse and closure of operations in the company. Workers are also demanding deployment of more employees due increase in tea production by local farmers. Despite making huge profits in the international market, the profits are not shared equally to all stakeholders of the company (Slaper Hall, 2011). Employees of ABC Company are part of these stakeholders yet the company fail to recognize their efforts towards wealth creation. Another issue raised by the workers is poor working inputs. The company need to purchase proper inputs so as to facilitate their working process and improve working environment. Workers are not likely to resume work if these issues are not addressed by the company. This is a very dangerous dilemma that ABC Company is facing at present (Arnold, 2010). There is need to lay down strategies to resolve these issues so as to formulate a win-win situation. Otherwise, both the employees and the company will not mitigate these issues if they fail to work together. According to analysis of this case study, I find it prudent to base solutions to these issues on work motivation and organization behavior (Kanungo Manuel, 2014). Workers need to be motivated at work place so as to improve performance at personal level and team performance. It is very important to consider literature review so as to identify the most appropriate solutions to these problems in order to save ABC Company from collapse . Literature review There are a number of previous researches used in solving workplace problems so as to increase project team performance. These literatures can be applied in solving problems addressed in this case study so as to formulate possible solutions. Relevant theories in workplace motivation will form part of literature to be applied in the case study of low wages and salaries at ABC Company. The issues mentioned in the case study relate to policy formulation by management team and workplace motivation for workers (Hitt, 2014). Therefore, literature to be applied in this report will narrow down to those two areas of organizational behaviors. A review of employee motivation theories and their application in solving workplace problems is based on several theories. They include theory on Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, Herzbergs Two-Factor Model, and Neuro motivational theory. By use of these motivational theories in workplace, then we will be in a position to formulate the most appropriate solutions to problems facing ABC Company. It is important to understand that successful management team has employees who are motivated to work at high level (Holmes, Hughes, Mair Carlsen, 2015). In this literature, we will learn what motivation is and how understanding motivation can help ABC Company succeed. In the case study, it is clear that employees at ABC Company lack motivation at work which make them raise issues on salaries and wages, long working hours, lack of proper inputs and poor working conditions. Motivation is attributed to how individual behave. Individual behaviors at work place are defined by level of motivation applied by management team (Kotler, Bowen Makens, 2010). Therefore, understanding motivation at ABC Company is about aligning the interests of employees, shareholders and customers with those of organization. The reverse is also true. Management team at the company need to know motivation is not based on how well they manipulate behaviors of employees in the company. The first approach that ABC Company should apply in this scenario is intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation. In that connection, there exist numerous theories, models and frameworks that focus on motivation of workers (Krugman, Obstfeld Melitz, 2012). These theories have been researched and analyzed as applicable in the universal world. Basically, none of these theories apply absolute doctrine of motivation. It is important to realize that motivational concepts are universal. First, we consider extrinsic motivation theory. This theory borrows ideas from external forces surrounding the organization under consideration. External factors considered under extrinsic motivation include money, vocation time and awards. This theory assert that these external factors need to be put into consideration in motivation process (Marylene, 2014). If we relate this theory to our current case study, the subject matter is employees. We find that management team at ABC Company fail to motivate employees extrinsically. Low salaries and wages are demotivating factors that limit increase in project team performance. Therefore, in order to solve the problems affecting employees at ABC Company, there should be increment in salaries and wages. This will act as a form of extrinsic motivation (Thomas, 2009). Management team of this company need to realize that work performed should correspond to salary to be paid. Again, working hours should be reduced so as to allow employees to re lax. This will motivate them to increase project team performance. This solution will be beneficial to ABC Company as asserted by extrinsic motivation theory. Another theory of motivation to be reviewed in this case study is intrinsic motivation theory. I believe there is a perfect positive correlation between intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation. However, intrinsic motivational theory borrows ideas from internal factors unlike extrinsic motivational theory that borrow ideas from external forces (Thomas, 2009). According to intrinsic theory, motivation is inbuilt. It should generate from inside ideology of an employees. In the current case study, employees are the subject matter. They lack intrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation involves factors that are internal to the employees (Ryan Deci, 2017). They include drive to excel, desire to be acknowledged and fear of failure. From the analysis of the case study under consideration, I find it difficult for employees of ABC Company to develop intrinsic motivation. This is because the condition exposed to them by management team are undesirable thus limiting intrinsic motivation how ever small. Therefore, the solution to this issue based on intrinsic motivation involve management team revising work engagements. If management team provide proper work engagements with employees, then intrinsic motivation will be developed by default. There are two other popular theories of workplace motivation that can be applied in the case study. That is, Maslows Hierarchy of Needs and Herzbergs Two-Factor Model. Maslows Hierarchy of Needs is based on level of priorities (Maslow, 2013). Om the other hand, Herzbergs Two-Factor Model presents job factors as contributing to either satisfaction or dissatisfaction (Richard, 2013). These theories are universally acceptable in solving workplace problems. There will be equally applicable in solving ABC Company problems. Most recent research build on ideologies asserted by these models. According to Abraham Maslow, motivation is based on levers of priorities. He developed this model in 1954. His idea addressed five levels of needs for humans. Each level required to be a fulfilment before an individual could be motivated from a certain level to another by high level factors. Maslow asserted that positive feedback could not motivate an individual if his basic psychological need is not met (Maslow, 2013). His idea was applied to provide an explanation how the work condition motivates employees to increase project team performance. In that connection, employees aim at satisfying their needs in a hierarchical order. If ABC Company fail to recognize this order, then employees will not work according to set standards of work engagement. If we connect Maslows ideas to the current case study, the priorities that need to be addressed by ABC Company include increase in salaries and wages, rescheduling long working hours, provision of proper working inputs and improve working e nvironment (Maslow, 2013). If these issues are implemented by the company, the problems facing employees will be solved. This is how Maslows Hierarchy of Needs become applicable at current scenario. According to Herzbergs Two-Factor Model, Frederick Herzberg asserted his idea on workplace motivation. He was interested in the perfect positive correlation between workplace motivation and employee attitude. His idea wanted to determine various factors that made employees feel satisfied and dissatisfied in the workplace (Richard, 2013). Through rigorous researcher on employee workplace motivation, he managed to establish a motivation theory called two-factor theory. According to Herzberg, there are two set of factors that made employees feel satisfied and dissatisfied in workplace. The first set of these factors was hygiene factors. These factors addressed issues that make employees feel dissatisfied at workplace. These factors are extrinsic ion nature. Basically, they are linked to factors such as job security, compensation, working conditions, organizational politics, relationship between supervisors, peers and subordinates, quality of leadership and management (Richard, 2013). Th ese aspects do not motivate workers but they demotivate employees. They are likely to cause dissatisfaction at workplace if they miss in the organization or cases where they are inadequate. If we connect these hygiene factors with our case study, we realize lack of proper compensation to employees at ABC Company result to dissatisfaction. This in return trigger civil strikes, civil unrests and go slows. The company need to ensure hygiene factors are put in place so as to solve the problems facing the company. The other set of factors asserted by Herzberg is motivators or satisfiers. These factors are intrinsic in nature since they are linked to employee motivation. These are conditions affecting work directly at employees level (Richard, 2013). They are referred to factors of satisfaction by Herzbergs Two-Factor Model. They include achievement, opportunities for growth, advancement, recognition, job satisfaction and responsibility. To apply this model in the current case study, the company need to formulate strategies to enhance satisfaction at workplace and mitigate dissatisfaction. However, according to Herzbergs Two-Factor Model, it is really difficult to balance the two (Richard, 2013). This is because, the opposite of satisfaction is no satisfaction and the opposite of dissatisfaction is no dissatisfaction. Therefore, the company need to address both hygiene factors at a time and later on address motivators. This will finally assist ABC Company to resolve the problems under confirmat ion. There are many other theories of workplace motivation that can be applied to solve organizational issues and increase project team performance (Hausman, 2007). These theories provide ideas to solve organizational issues by relating to current scenarios. It is therefore clear that a lot of literature gaps remain unrevealed. However, if ABC Company apply the asserted theories, then the problems regarding employees engagement will be resolved. Recommendations The analysis of ABC case study and literate applied in this report will be useful in providing recommendations to mitigate issues highlighted in the case study. It is important to acknowledge that a problem exist and need to be mitigated. The following recommendations will be applicable in ABC Company. Review salaries and wages of employees. The management team should ensure that employees are paid according workload and working hours allocated to them. Through salary increment, management team will facilitate extrinsic motivation. Employees in the company will engage a higher gear in work performance at personal level and group performance (Fletcher, 2012). The company need to realize that employees are the first stakeholders and their interests should be considered when they arise. This is why many motivation theories have been designed so as to motivate workers. The performance achieved by ABC Company depend highly on individual and team performance formulated by employees. Low salaries may result to low performance while better salaries and wages enhance extrinsic motivation hence a better performance for the company. Engage more workers. If management team at ABC Company finds it difficult to increase wages and salaries, another option to be recommended so as to mitigate issues raised in the case study is employing more workers (Dunn Norton, 2013). This will enable the company to reduce the working hours subjected to each employee. In this case, employees will work in shifts. At that, the current salaries and wages will be sustainable. The payment will correspond to working hours. This option will also assist in solving unemployment problems in areas where the company operates. This will be a better way to deal with organizational behaviours in the company as well as the environment under which the company operates (Dann Dann, 2007). This option will also assist the company to select the best candidates to carry out different tasks in the company. Use modern technology in processing industry. Although this option will face resistance from employees, the company may also apply technology to solve some issues. Technology may be used to undertake several activities in the industry via use of machinery and equipment (McGregor, 2012). These will be used reduce workforce engagement. Thus, working hours subjected to each employee will be reduced. In that case, the current salaries and wages will be sustainable. Conclusion From the report, a lot of issues come in place. These issues relate to motivation of workers at workplace. Management team in a company needs to understand the importance of motivation to employees. Through intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, workers are likely to work better thus increasing project team performance (Thomas, 2009). Issues affecting any company need to be addressed with ultimate urgency so as to prevent damages that are likely to arise. Theories analyzed in this report are clear indicators of importance of proper work engagement. ABC Company has a lot to do in order to solve these issues. If the above recommendation is implemented, then there is a higher likelihood of increasing project team performance in the shortest time possible. Management team need to make policies through close consultation with other employees. This enhances win-win situation (Daft, 2015). Feasibility and viability of ideas in work engagement are developed through working together. It is important to understand the opinions of other stakeholders in the company so as to make viable decisions and judgments. References Arnold, J. (2010) Coaching Skills for Leaders in the Workplace: How to Develop, Motivate and Get the Best from Your Staff. How to Books. Pg. 37-42. Daft, R.L. (2015) Management. South Western College Pub. Pg. 79-85. Dann, S., Dann, S. (2007) Competitive marketing strategy. Frenchs Forest, NSW: Pearson Education. Pg. 179-185. Dunn, E.W Norton, M.I. (2013) How to make giving feel good, viewed 19 January 2017, https://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/how_to_make_giving_feel_good Fletcher, F. (2012) Business Problem Solving. Routledge. Pg. 29-45. Hausman, D. M. (Ed.). (2007) The philosophy of economics: An anthology. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pg. 111-117. Hitt, M.A. (2014) Strategic Management: Concept, Competitiveness and Globalization. South-Western College Pub. Pg. 119-125. Holmes, K, Hughes, M, Mair, J Carlsen, J. (2015) Events and sustainability.1st edition. Abingdon: Routledge. Pg. 7-25. Kanungo, R.N., Manuel, M. (2014) Work Motivation: Models for Developing Countries. Sage Publication put. Pg. 47-62. Kotler, P, Bowen, J Makens, J. (2010) Marketing for hospitality and tourism. 5th edn. Pearson, Upper Saddle River: NJ. Pg. 77-95. Krugman, P. R., Obstfeld, M., Melitz, M. J. (2012) International economics: Theory policy. 9th ed. Harlow: Pearson Education. Pg. 113-123. Malin, M Maidment, D. (2003) Education, indigenous survival and well-being: Emerging ideas and programs, Australian Journal of Indigenous Education, vol. 32, pp. 85-100, viewed 18 January 2017, https://www.atsis.uq.edu.au/ajie/docs/20033285100.pdf Marshall, B. (2013) Accounting Information Systems. Australian edition. Frenchs Forest, NSW: Pearson Australia. Pg. 69-85. Marylene, G. (2014) The Oxford Handbook of Work Engagement, Motivation and Self-Determination Theory. OUP USA. Pg. 87-92. Maslow, A.H. (2013) A Theory of Human Motivation. Start publishing LLC. Pg. 137-142. McGregor, D. (2012) The Human Side of Enterprise. New Yolk, 21. Pg. 33-52. McKenzie, T Pharoah, C. (2009) Measure for measure, viewed 2 January 2017, https://www.charityfinancials.com/charity-financials-insider/measure-for-measure-583.html Reece, I. and Walker, S. (2007) Teaching, training learning: a practical guide. 6th ed. London: Business Education Publishers Limited. Pg. 179-185. Richard, A. (2013) Job Satisfaction from Herzbergs Two Factor Theory Perspective. Grin publishing. Pg. 117-123. Ryan, R.M., Deci, EL. (2017) Self-Determination Theory: Basic Psychological Need in Motivation, development and Wellness. The Guilford press. Pg. 93-112. Sampson, H. (2013) International seafarers and transnationalism in the twenty-first century. New Ethnographies. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Pg. 71-95. Sanders, M Tamma, F. (2015) The science behind why people give money to charity, viewed 19 January 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/voluntary-sector-network/2015/mar/23/the-science behind-why-people-give-money-to-charity Slaper, T.F, Hall, T.J. (2011) The triple bottom line: What is it and how does it work, viewed 7 January 2017, https://www.ibrc.indiana.edu/ibr/2011/spring/article2.html Thomas, K.W. (2009) Intrinsic Motivation: What Really Drives Employees Engagement. Berret-Koehler publishers. Pg. 67-82.

Human Sexuality Essays (165 words) - Slavery, Battle Of Fort Sumter

Human Sexuality The Civil War The Civil War started when the North wanted to end slavery and the South wanted to stay. The war had started. The North and South parts of the U.S.A were battleing at Fort Sumter. When the first shot sprang out everyone started to shoot because one of the men got shot. Each side didn't care how much they used their guns because they had between 30 and 42 pds. of gun powder. The battle went on forever a lot of people died mostly black. More than half of the people died on each side . Than finnally on April 14, 1861 the battle of Fort Sumter ended. Major Anderson had surrenderd. This was the battle of the century. Later they called this battle the Civil War. To think this battle was only about slavery. said a man.It seemms more than slavery. A blonde woman says It is more than slavery. To think this was all about slavery. Human Sexuality

An Insight to Small Business Professor Ramos Blog

An Insight to Small Business Small businesses are corporations, partnerships, and sole proprietorships that have less employees along with revenue because they are not the same size as a â€Å"regular† corporation that operates on a larger scale. Small businesses offer services such as convenient stores, small grocery stores, restaurants, bakeries, hairdressers, tradespeople such as carpenters and electricians, photographers, and some small-scale manufacturing such as toy manufacturing, being a smart phone accessory maker, or a plastic container manufacturer. Most small businesses are sole-proprietor operations meaning they provide low income for doing things like selling prepared hot food on the street. Small businesses can range from fifteen employees to no more than five thousand. According to Jason Nazar’s contributed statistics in Forbes, there are almost 28 million small businesses in the United States, with approximately 543,000 of these new businesses starting up each month. United States small businesses employee nearly 60 million people, which is nearly 40 percent of the private workforce, and they have generated over 65 percent of new jobs since 1995. Firms with fewer than one hundred employees actually hold a wide variety of the over all small business employment (see Figure 1 for the ratio between firm size to employment).   https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/March_April_2016_FINAL_508_compliant.pdf Aside from the small businesses that maintain full-time or part-time employees, there are businesses that employ nobody other than the owner themselves. A nonemployer business is one that has no paid employees, annual business receipts of $1,000 or more and must pay federal income taxes. Most nonemployers are self-employed individuals operating very small unincorporated businesses, depending on the owners source of capital (money). Nazar states that around 75 percent of all United States businesses are nonemployer businesses and that around 80 percent of these non-employee businesses reported less than $50,000 in receipts which is considered low income even though over 22 million are self-employed and can take in all revenue made. These statistics show that it can be extremely challenging to invest into your own small business venture, but sometimes the ambition does prove to pay off in the long run. Even though starting up your own small business may require a lot out of you physically and mentally, the financial cost of starting up is not as large as Americans make it out to be. The annual cost of starting up a small business can be as low as $3,000, however most home-based franchises cost $2,000 to $5,000 to start. If you’re someone who is interested in a career focused on web design or computer programming then you can even start your small business online, which can be most beneficial for networking connections through social media or running a website. According to eMarketer, an online digital marketer, there was a 24.8 percent increase in the annual Online Small Businesses, the global worldwide sales reached $2.304 trillion and online businesses accounted for 58.9 percent of those sales (Pilon). As online business continues to be a larger factor of the retail market around the world, getting your business ideas online can be a convenient way to network with people a round you and if you’re lucky all that you really need to get your business started is that first good connection. Online businesses are growing at double digit rates and you need to be able to capture the public’s attention and expose your latest online business ideas to encourage growth within your own business. If you have started a small business then I’m sure you have struggled with some sort of lack in cash flow which is a very common difficulty that business owners experience. In 2014,   220,000 establishments (small businesses) started in the United States and 205,000 exited the United States due to not having enough revenue (Nazar). Every business has its own financing needs; experts have some tips to help you figure out how much cash you will actually need to start your own small business. Entrepreneur Drew Gerber, who started a technology company, a publicity firm and a financial planning company, estimates that an entrepreneur will need six months’ worth of fixed costs just to start their own small business. Gerber instructs, â€Å"Have a plan to cover your expenses in the first month, Identify your customers before you open the door so you can have a way to start covering those expenses†. One of the main reasons most small businesses fail is that they simply run out of cash. Writing a business plan without basing your forecasts on reality often leads to an unfortunate, and often unnecessary, business failure. Without the benefit of experience or actual historical financials, it’s easy to overestimate a new company’s revenue and underestimate costs (McCahon). Twenty percent of small businesses fail in their first year, thirty percent of small businesses fail in their second year and fifty percent of small businesses fail after five years. Finally, thirty percent of all small businesses fail in their tenth year in business (Georgia McIntyre). There are many reasons why small businesses fail but a few things that tend to do harm are: Capital access (access to money), cash flow, lack of demand, and poor management. One of the major problems with small businesses is capital, as of 2015, seventy-three percent of small business owners weren’t able to access enough capital for their business ( https://www.fundera.com/blog/what-percentage-of-small-businesses-fail). This means that even if the money existed in a business account, a business owner cannot access it when needed for business operations, making it extremely challenging to run your business efficiently. California governmental agencies, small business organizations and state legislators come together every year to recognize that owning and starting your business is hard work. This annual event honors a few of the millions of small business that serve as â€Å"the economic engine of California†. Small businesses are engrained in California’s communities and economy contributing to 75 percent of California’s gross state product and over half of the states private sector jobs. â€Å"California Small Business Day† also allows business owners from across the state to connect with other business owners in an effort to learn from or gain insight from fellow entrepreneurs. According to a small-town and successful business owner, John Hackney, â€Å"This business can either make or break you, you have to be willing to sacrifice everything you have in order to start your own business.† He claims that the initial starting phase of your business will be one of the hardest periods of growth that you have to overcome through the entire process. Hackney also advises that if you plan your costs, don’t underestimate the expenses, and never forget that they can rise as the business grows, it’s easy to overlook costs when you’re thinking about the big picture, but you should always be very precise and thorough when planning for your fixed expenses. He also strongly believes that when your employees are appreciated and treated with respect, then you are sure to succeed in maintaining a loyal, hardworking staff. Ideals like these reveal why small businesses are so important and even endearing. We can come to the conclusion that even though starting your own business may seem to be one of the hardest things, it can also be equally as rewarding and beneficial.    California Small Business Association, â€Å"California Small Business Day 2018†, Business Wire (English). 06/19/2018, Article Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=bwhAN=bizwire.c85292394site=ehost-live Richard Schwinn: PhD, Research Economist, â€Å"2016 State Small Business Profiles Released with Fresh Design†, The Small Business Advocate: Office of Advocacy, Vol. 35, No. 3, March- April 2016 Retrieved from https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/March_April_2016_FINAL_508_compliant.pdf Jason Nazar, â€Å"16 Surprising Statistics About Small Businesses†, Small Business Administration Office of Advocacy, Sep 9, 2013 Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/jasonnazar/2013/09/09/16-surprising-statistics-about-small-businesses/#269ebc195ec8 â€Å"Small Business†, page issues Retrieved from https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_business Georgia McIntyre, â€Å"What is the Small Business Failure Rate?†, What Percentage of Small Businesses Fail? (And Other Need-to-Know Stats), August 29, 2018 Retrieved from   https://www.fundera.com/blog/what-percentage-of-small-businesses-fail Sammi Caramela, Startup Costs: How Much Cash Will You Need? April 12, 2018 https://www.businessnewsdaily.com/5-small-business-start-up-costs-options.html Cynthia McCahon, Founder and CEO of Business Plan Software, â€Å"One of the Many Reasons Small Businesses Fail is because They Simply Run Out of Cash.†, April 12 2018 https://www.businessnewsdaily.com/5-small-business-start-up-costs-options.html Drew Gerber, Entrepreneur, April 12 2018 https://www.businessnewsdaily.com/5-small-business-start-up-costs-options.html John Hackney. Business owner, The Lakefront Taproom. (August 2018). Personal reference. (909)336-8443 United States census, Nonemployer Statistics, â€Å"Nonemployer Definitions†, https://www.census.gov/epcd/nonemployer/view/define.html Annie Pilon, Small Business Trends, â€Å"50 Online Business Ideas†, July 5 2018, https://smallbiztrends.com/2016/11/online-business-ideas.html

Cross-Cultural Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cross-Cultural Communication - Essay Example In today’s world of cultural diversity, emotions like empathy can really help more than sympathy in improving cross-cultural communication between the native people and foreigners in any place. Bennette (11) says that the communication strategy which is most suitable in context of cultural diversity, is empathy which literally helps people from diverse backgrounds understand and respect each other’s feelings and values. It is suggested that empathy works more magic than sympathy in ensuring successful cross-cultural communication because this makes an individual actually participate in others’ sorrows, rather than merely imagining him/herself in the depressed person’s position. This sort of an empathic attitude really helps in incorporating the necessary element of understanding in cross-cultural communication. Cultural empathy phenomenally aids in communication because in this way, one really seeks to learn and comprehend what viewpoints other person†™s culture presents about myriad issues, and this results in a very strong connection between two culturally diverse people. In a story â€Å"A Town Called Rosewood† written by (Carnes, Tauss, and Blackmun), it is mentioned how race and other such stereotypes mattered greatly in the destruction of a whole town called Rosewood and how its population got homeless and scattered as a result of the horrendous massacre initiated by the biased white people back in 1923. the uncontrollable mess all started when a black man falsely accused and this gave the white neighbors an unjustified chance to crackdown on the town mostly occupied by the less influential black people. Following are two letters addressed to each of the two groups, the native residents of Rosewood and their more influential white neighbors in an effort to inform each party about the values and cultural norms

International Marketing Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

International Marketing - Term Paper Example This report provides a macro analysis of China, one of the fastest growing markets in the world and which provides a suitable platform for a business to invest. One of the many admirable factors about China is its political stability. This gives businesses the confidence of establishing and expanding their businesses as they are assured of enhanced security. China is a single party state which is governed and controlled by the Communist Party. The single party aspect reduces the chances of political wrangles and further reduces the chances of politicians interfering with the business operations (Hale and Long, 80). Though the tariffs in China are high, they have been drastically reducing over the past few years. However, the government still has a lot to do when dealing with e-commerce businesses. The legal framework adopted for e-commerce insufficiently addresses intellectual property, and consumer rights are yet to be satisfactorily addressed (Hartman and Brown, 2013). Even with the few challenges, the political environment in China provides a healthy platform for businesses to operate. The economic environment is the second most important factor (after political) in determining whether a business shall succeed in a country. China’s economic environment has continued to be favourable to businesses, especially with the increasing demand. Based on nominal GDP and the purchasing power parity, China is ranked second, with the first position being America (InvestinChina, 2014). It has constantly experienced an increase and growth in GDP by about 7 %, and it’s GDP, by 2013 stood at 9.82% (Shao and Gui, 2014). This depicts the promising market in China, and businesses that invest here have high chances of succeeding. In addition, the inflation in China is lower as compared to many other developed countries, having a 2.5% inflation rate (InvestinChina, 2014) and an unemployment rate of 4.1%. The growth in GDP is as depicted in the diagram

How Does Poverty Cause Crime Criminology Essay

How Does Poverty Cause Crime Criminology Essay In the current essay we will discuss the fact that poverty causes crime. Poverty is a characteristic of the economic situation of the individual or social group in which they cannot satisfy a certain range of the minimum requirements needed for life saving ability.   Poverty is a relative concept and depends on the overall standard of living in this society. According to experts, not getting decent wages for their work, young people gradually lose the desire to marry, marry, have children they are full of fear for tomorrow, not sure that tomorrow they will not be fired because of another financial crisis. In addition, low wages and lack of jobs, experts say, are pushing young people to commit crimes in order to get rich quickly.   It is, therefore, among criminals, increases the number of adolescents, aged 18 to 25 years. Poverty is a consequence of diverse and interrelated reasons, which combine into the following groups: economic (unemployment, low wages, low productivity, lack of competitiveness of the industry); socio-medical (disability, old age, high levels of morbidity); Demographic (parent families, a large number of dependents in the family); socio-economic (low level of social guarantees); educational qualifications (a low level of education, lack of training); political (military conflict, forced migration); regional-geographic (uneven development of regions). As well, current crisis makes people react and do something, even if it is illegal, they start committing a crime. Poverty causes many crimes, as if a person was not poor and had faith in himself, he would not face the thought that he should search another ways to get money. Being poor, which could be caused by different reasons, makes a person unhappy, incapable to earn enough money, to buy anything he wants or at least something necessary. Poverty determines a certain stereotype in a persons thoughts, and he does not see any constructive solving of the problem, as he wants to choose the easiest way of getting money, even harming other people. Poverty has a huge psychological influence on people, who become depressed, desperate and then they decide to commit a crime, as they have not found anything that can legally get them out of such situation. Too many problems that a person faces in the modern society makes him get angrier on the whole situation and look for the new way of solving their problem. The desperate economical situation in the country and consequently the lack of the work places especially for young people creates the thoughts and actions of crime. No guarantees from the government and no proper help to people who are poor, leads to the chaos and misunderstanding, where the only way out they find is to commit a crime. Poverty as a social phenomenon in a historical sense is of lasting value.   The extent and depth of immersion of the people in the country reflects two important aspects of society the level of development of productive forces and the corresponding character of their operation principle of social justice. Most often, poverty is treated as financial insecurity of people, when income of a person or family does not allow maintaining socially necessary consumption for life, interfering with normal living and personal development. Poverty serves as guidelines for shaping social policy.   This phenomenon is assessed by using indicators of absolute and relative poverty, its depth and severity, as well as by the subjective perception of their individual well-being and quality of life. To determine the effect of poverty on crime, there may be also another way: by studying the living conditions of the poor and convicted before they commit crimes. As a consequence of the fact that poverty causes crime, criminally distorted psychology of society, values, personality as a direct cause of crime are expressed by more than just greed, aggression, irresponsibility and neglect of criminal law prohibitions.   It has several forms: greed, greed, the cause component of the Organized Crime and Entrepreneurship, greed, parasitism, generating professional and recidivism, greed, irresponsibility, have a drunken crime, situational robbery and looting teens, when crimes are committed to meet the immediate material needs  , greed, poverty, which is based on physical survival.   At a gain now there is 80% of the totality of the causes of crime at this time. The main source of crime in any society is the aggravation of his social contradictions. It is also defined as meaningful and quantifiable features of the formation are within a specific time parameters.   It is known that the technologically advanced capitalist countries do not have the same crimes. As a fact, crimes begin from the childhood. As a rule, if a child was born in a poor family, there are more chances that he will start committing crimes. All over the world there is propaganda of a luxurious way of life, of successful people, of expensive mansions, cars, of beautiful journeys, etc. When children and adolescents see that and understand that parents will not provide them with all these things, they start looking for the opportunity to get money fast to buy at least something. And consequently they decide to commit a crime. The crimes committed by adolescents are considered the cruelest. The majority of cases of all crimes show that a driving force of the crimes is the money. The values of the society are built the way that those people with the problems in their minds decide to bring closer all these luxurious things. One of the main aspects that can prevent poverty is education. If children are educated properly, then they will perceive the reality as it is and they will try to succeed in legal ways to study, to get a job. Sometimes, crimes are the symptom of the culture, and education can cure the cultural poverty and financial poverty will be cured itself, as a consequence. As a fact, not only poor people commit crimes, as there are also rich people who have no boundaries in their actions and power and they also commit crimes to get more money and power. Considering the statistics, the total number of the seven index crimes is reported to police per 100,000 inhabitants in the United States. The research states that if to reduce poverty, crime will be reduced, although with the crisis that has begun in 2008, there have been registered less crimes, although there are more poor people because of the crisis. As an example of it, in the first decade of the XXI century crime in the United States has tended to decline. By the end of the decade, crime rates, according to many indicators, have fallen dramatically, despite the economic crisis of 2008-2010.   In some cities such as New York, the crime rate has dropped to the record lows. With the onset of recession in the U.S., many media outlets have expressed fears that the crisis (for example, increased unemp loyment and reduced real incomes of people) will lead to a rapid increase in crime.   FBI report shows that these fears have not yet met.   Published in the 2008, the study of the Heritage Foundation showed that the relationship between economic perturbations and crime exists, but it is not so clear.   Thus, in the United States there is a nation-wide crime statistics since 1934.   During all this time only for 16 years the crime rate has declined.   The crime rate has steadily increased from 1955 to 1972, although this time the U.S. economy has experienced a rapid period of development, weak, a recession occurs only in mid-1960.   In turn, during the Great Depression statistics was only for the period from 1934 to 1938 criminals showed less activity.   Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) issued a preliminary report on crime rates in the U.S. in 2009.   This statistics is based on data provided by about 17 thousand law enforcement agencies of different jurisdictions.   The main conclusions of the report compared to 2008, the number of property crimes in the U.S. decreased by 6.1%, violent crimes by 4,4%.   According to the report, this year the number of murders in the U.S. fell by 10%, robberies on 6,5%, rape by 3,3%.   Among property crimes, the most significantly decreased the number of thefts of cars (by 18,7%), theft (by 5,3%) and burglary (2.5%).   The greatest reductions in crime noted in cities with populations exceeding one million. In addition to FBI statistics, the crime rate measures the U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics by the Census Bureau (study called National Crime Victimization Survey). Since 1973, there have been annually polled 70-80 thousand of households (family or group of people living togethe r and having a total budget), to identify about how many actually committed crimes Americans have not informed the police.   The last time similar research was conducted in 2008.   It showed that the victims of the criminals, Americans turn to law enforcement agencies do not always: becoming the victims of violent crimes, they shall notify the police in 51,2% of the property in 39,6% of cases. Another important indicator for gauging the level of crime in the U.S. is a traditional study conducted the service Gallup Rating the perception of crime.   Every year Gallup asks Americans to estimate increased or decreased the number of crimes in their area and across the country.   In the recent years, such survey was conducted in September 2009.   Then 74% of Americans said that compared with last year the crime rate in the U.S. grew on 15% reported that the situation has improved.   The rise in crime in their area was 51% decrease 29%.   As a fact, 12% of respondents said that the situation with crime in their place of residence was very serious; the crime rate across the United States similarly estimated 55% of respondents.   It is curious that in the last decade, both of these indicators remain fairly stable, fluctuating slightly. As a rule, those countries where there is no proper economic regulations, there are more chances that people will react negatively and commit more crimes, as the consequence of unhappy life and no perspective in such countries. Although there is no proof of the direct connection of the fact that poverty is the main motive to commit a crime, as there are many factors present in the minds of people who in different situations can act differently. It is not quite explicable that fact that while there is a depression and economical crisis all over the world, people do not commit more crimes, as the statistics shows that people do not intend to commit more crimes. The consequences and the logic of this fact are not fully understandable. In the modern world everything changes so quickly that people get accustomed to the situation, they learn the rules of the game and probably they try to find a better way to earn money and succeed than to commit a crime. There can be also hope that the mor e people get more education, the more they get knowledge, the better they understand life and the rules to survive. The more people know, the better they understand the situations, the values, the perspective, the more ideas they have, the more creative they are and the more they feel capable to find a job and to succeed in life. In poor countries such as Brazil and the countries of the former Soviet Union, there are millions of poor people who do not have a way out because of the lack of any perspectives to find a job, as the level of corruption is extremely high. In such countries it is especially visible the difference and the gap between the extremely rich and very poor people. There are almost no middle class people who have a job, a house and other benefits. That is why there are almost no chances to combat it, as poor and desperate people in these countries do not see any other opportunity except committing a crime. The obvious injustice and no social guarantees make people feel as losers, who see the luxurious life and who cannot touch it. As a fact, there is a lot of envy because of such a big gap and so much poverty. Each country has its problems and level of poverty, but there is one main point- the lack of money. If people had money at least for the basic needs, there would not be such level of poverty. And as Aristotle said: Poverty a source of disturbance and crime, which means that little problem becomes a huge problem if there is nothing useful done to prevent it. That is why the right policy of the country will be able to eliminate poverty and along with that there will be no crime in the future. What factors specifically lead to poverty in the countries?   This high level of unemployment, a significant number of jobs that do not provide a living wage, as well as reducing the number of social service costs. It can be emphasized that poverty reduction should not be a charity event.   It must go against strong social inequalities.  The only way to do this is to foster a society of equal opportunities. If we deal only with short-term problems in order to achieve short term objectives rather than to focus on strategic issues of economic and social development, we may miss the last chance to make the country the basis for a viable, long-term development based on economic and social modernization. So, the agenda should include the following vital issues: Reducing inequality and providing our citizens the opportunity to realize their constitutional rights; Restoration of a common economic space; Infrastructure development through the joint efforts of government and the private sector (roads, railways, ports, airports, bridges, power lines, electricity, etc.); The solution of demographic problems of the countries; The rise of living standards (including environmental problems); Eliminating unevenness in the level of regional development; Harmonization of interethnic relations in the country and the creation of normal living conditions for the communities living outside of Russia; National security and territorial integrity; The safety of citizens; As a fact, it is easier to prevent poverty than to deal with its consequences. The fact that people commit crimes when they are poor does not justify them. But the government has to take measures to prevent the poverty, there should be created more opportunities for people to work, as keeping people busy can prevent crimes and even the thoughts of it. Proper economical policy, positive changes in the social sphere, economical issues and employment can guarantee the higher level of education and understanding the principles, which will avoid the crime in the future. There should be also organized the certain campaigns aimed at the reduction of poverty, as it in some cases causes crime. Anyway, if the importance of money wan not so crucial these days, probable the majority of people would not commit crimes. As it is very difficult to be different from everyone in the society that value the materialistic ideas, the goods and products, it becomes a real challenge not to have goals to buy, to own something. It happens because the society judges those who are different, who has different vision, goals, principles and ideas. That is why people are almost forced to do everything the right way to be as everyone else is, to work and to succeed. And if there are no possibilities for that in the country, people start looking for other, wrong ways to reach it anyway. They start looking for the easiest, quickest and lowest ways to reach their goal, and that is why robberies, different violent crimes and thefts occur. Some people after committing them feel innocent, as they think that if the government did not give certain things and possibilities to them, then they have the rig ht to take things or money from the richer people. Deceiving themselves, people live in their own world that is so narrow, that allows them to commit a crime and to presume that no one will ever know. As a fact, it is sad that a reality is that money takes a very important place in peoples lives. Everything people do to earn money sometimes in not enough, that is why arise different problems which lead to the thoughts to commit a crime as that last opportunity. Everyone wants to live worthily and this desire determines unexpected behavior. Often people want to prove something to their friends, family, loved ones, but they do not manage to achieve it in a legal way, choosing instead the lowest possible way to commit a crime, thinking that from that moment on everything would change for the better. It is obvious that money rules the world, which is why almost every crime is based on the desire to get more money at any cost. Those who commit crime do not usually think about consequences and they pay for everything they have done later. Sometimes people just lack the patience and they want to have everything too soon without any considerable long time efforts. Consequently, this practice does not work and people are forced to pay for everything they have done. Psychological help and support in difficult situations can help and benefit people to overcome difficulties, challenging times and other problems. Being open to discussions, to new ideas, to new opportunities and options, people can stop thinking about committing a crime because they are poor. The capacity to believe in yourself, in the future possibilities and in the brighter future lacks in the minds of the people. It is surprising that people commit crimes, as it is obvious that sooner or later they will pay for what the y have done and it is important to take control of the life. The mistake is that people sometimes consider themselves cleverer than the others and think they are capable of changing they life easily by harming someone else. This method, fortunately, does not work. Being realistic and optimistic at the same time can save situation and turn life to the better. All in all, only the right policies of the countries can solve this problem and make people understand and see other right ways to earn money and to get out of poverty. People are instruments in the hands of the government and they play by its rules. If there will be more opportunities and proper social conditions for people to live and work, the crimes that are caused by poverty will not take place anymore. A lot depends on the country people live in and on the fact how they see their future, which possibilities and advantages they see and want to implement in their life. Anyway, everything depends on a choice a person makes, wherever he lives and whatever he has.

Seminar Report P Soc 5

P SoC A Device Study SEMINAR REPORT Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree of Bachelor of Technology in ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING of MAHATMA GANDHI UNIVERSITY By JINJU P. K (65232) Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Rajagiri School of Engineering and Technology Rajagiri Valley, Cochin – 682 039 2010-2011 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING CERTIFICATE Certified that the seminar presented titled â€Å" PSoC-A Device Study† is a bonafide report of the seminar done by JINJU. P. K (65232) of eighth semester Electronics and Communication Engineering in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Communication of the Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, during the academic year 2010-2011. Project Guide Head of the Department RONI ANTONYASHA PANICKER Internal ExaminerExternal Examiner Place : Kakkanad Date : ACKNOWLEDGEMENT To discover, analyze and to present something new is to venture on an unknown path towards and unexplored destination is an arduous adventure unless one gets a true torchbearer to show the way. I would have never succeeded in completing my task without the cooperation, encouragement and help provided to me by various people. Words are often too less to reveal my deep regards. I take this opportunity to express my profound sense of gratitude and respect to all those who helped me through the duration of this project. I acknowledge with gratitude and humility my indebtedness to Mr. Rony Antony , Lecturer, Electronics & Communication Department, RSET, under whose guidance I had the privilege to complete this project. I wish to express my deep gratitude towards him for providing individual guidance and support throughout the project work. I convey my sincere thanks to Asha Paniker , Professor & Head of Electronics & Communication Department, RSET for her encouragement and cooperation. I would also like to thank all staff members and my co-students who were always there at the need of the hour and provided with all the help and facilities, which I required for the completion of my project. My greatest thanks are to all who wished me success especially my parents. Above all I render my gratitude to the Almighty who bestowed self-confidence, ability and strength in me to complete this work for not letting me down at the time of crisis and showing me the silver lining in the dark clouds. ABSTRACT With a unique array of configurable digital and analog blocks, the Programmable System-on-Chip (PSoC) is a true system-levelsolution, offering a modern method of signal acquisition, processing, and control with exceptional accuracy, high bandwidth,and superior flexibility. Its analog capability spans the range from thermocouples (DC voltages) to ultrasonic signals. Designerscan easily create systemlevel designs, using a rich library of prebuilt components, or custom verilog, and a schematic entry tool that uses the standard design blocks. This seminar is based on the analog , digital , program and debug subsystems ofPsoC 5 device. . CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION02 2. BLOCK DIAGRAM03 3. HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION04 4. 1 IR TRANSMITTER CIRCUITRY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 04 4. 2 IR SENSOR CIRCUITRY07 4. 3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS15 4. SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION17 5. 4 MPELAB IDE17 . 5 PROGRAM25 5. PCB DESIGN28 5. 1 PCB SCHEMATIC†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 28 5. 2 PCB BOARD†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 29 6. RESULS & CONCLUSION31 7. REFERENCES32 APPENDIX 1. INTRODUCTION With a unique array of configurable digital and analog blocks, the Programmable System-on-Chip is a true systemlevel solution, offering a modern method of signal acquisition, processing, and control with exceptional accuracy, high bandwidth, and superior flexibility. Its analog capability spans the range from thermocouples (DC voltages) to ultrasonic signals. PSoC 5 (CY8C55xxx, CY8C54xxx, CY8C53xxx, CY8C52xxx) families are fully scalable 8-bit and 32-bit PSoC platform devices that share these characteristics:  ¦ Fully pin, peripheral compatible  ¦ Same integrated development environment software  ¦ High performance, configurable digital system that supports a wide range of communication interfaces, such as USB, I2C, and CAN  ¦ High precision, high performance analog system with up to 20-bit ADC, DACs, comparators, opamps, and programmable blocks to create PGAs, TIAs, mixers, etc.  ¦ Easily configurable logic array  ¦ Flexible routing to all pins  ¦ High performance, 8-bit single-cycle 8051 (PSoC 3) or 32-bit ARM Cortex-M3 (PSoC 5) core . 1 OBJECTIVE * 8051 or Cortex-M3 Central Processing Unit (CPU) with a nested vectored interrupt controller and a high performance DMA controller * Several types of memory elements including SRAM, flash, and EEPROM * System integration features, such as clocking, a featurerich power system, and versatile programmable inputs and outpu ts 2. TOP LEVEL ARCHITECTURE 2. 1 CPU SYSTEM 2. 1. 1 PROCESSOR The PSoC 5 CPU subsystem is built around a 32-bit three stage pipelined ARM Cortex-M3 processor running up to 80 MHz. The PSoC 5 instruction set is the same as the Thumb-2 instruction set available on standard Cortex- M3 devices. Three stage pipelining operating at 1. 25 DMIPS/MHz. This helps to increase execution speed or reduce power. * Supports Thumb-2 instruction set: * The Thumb-2 instruction set supports complex operations with both 16- and 32-bit instructions * Atomic bit level read and write instructions * Support for unaligned memory access * Improved code density, ensuring efficient use of memory. * Easy to use, ease of programmability and debugging: * Ensures easier migration from 8- and 16-bit processors * Nested Vectored Interrupt Controller (NVIC) unit to support interrupts and exceptions: * Helps to achieve rapid interrupt response Extensive debug support including: * Serial Wire Debug Port (SWD-DP), Serial Wire JTAG Debug Port (SWJ-DP) ? Break points ? Flash patch ? Instruction tracing ? Code tracing 2. 1. 2 INTERRUPT CONTROLLER The CPU subsystem includes a programmable Nested Vectored Interrupt Controller (NVIC), DMA (Direct Memory Access) controller, Flash cache ECC, and RAM. The NVIC of bot h PSoC 3 and PSoC 5 devices provides low latency by allowing the CPU to vector directly to the first address of the interrupt service routine, bypassing the jump instruction required by other architectures. The PSoC 5 interrupt controller also offers a few advanced nterrupt management capabilities, such as interrupt tail chaining to improve stack management with multiple pending interrupts providing lower latency. Supports 32 interrupt lines * Programmable interrupt vector * Configurable priority levels from 0 to 7 * Support for dynamic change of priority levels * Support for individual enable/ disable of each interrupt * Nesting of interrupts * Multiple sources for each interrupt line (can be either fixed function, UDB, or from DMA) * Supports both level trigger and pulse trigger * Tail chaining, late arrivals and exceptions are supported in PSoC ® 5 devices 2. 1. DMA CONTROLLER The DMA controller allows peripherals to exchange data without CPU involvement. This allows the CPU to run slower, save power, or use its cycles to improve the performance of firmware algorithms. * Uses the PHUB for data transfer * Includes 24 DMA channels * Includes 128 transaction descriptors (TD) * Eight levels of priority per channel * Transactions can be stalled or canceled * Each transaction can be from 1 to 64 KB * Large transactions can be broken into smaller bursts of 1 to 127 bytes. * Each channel can be configured to generate an interrupt at the end of transfer 2. 1. 4 CACHE CONTROLLER In PSoC 5 devices, the flash cache also reduces system power consumption by reducing the frequency with which flash is accessed. The processor speed itself is configurable allowing for active power consumption tuned for specific applications. * Instruction cache * Direct mapped * 128 bytes total cache memory * Registers for measuring cache hit/miss ratios * Error correction code (ECC) support * Error logging and interrupt generation * Designed to put flash into sleep automatically to save power 2. 2 MEMORY The PSoC nonvolatile subsystem consists of Flash, bytewritable EEPROM, and nonvolatile configuration options. The CPU can reprogram individual blocks of Flash, enabling boot loaders. An Error Correcting Code (ECC) can enable high reliability applications. A powerful and flexible protection model allows the user to selectively lock blocks of memory for read and write protection, securing sensitive information. The byte-writable EEPROM is available on-chip for the storage of application data. Additionally, selected configuration options, such as boot speed and pin drive mode, are stored in nonvolatile memory, allowing settings to become active immediately after power on reset (POR). 2. 2. 3 NON VOLATILE LATCH A Nonvolatile Latch (NVL or NV latch) is an array of programmable, nonvolatile memory elements whose outputs are stable at low voltage. It is used to configure the device at Power on Reset. Each bit in the array consists of a volatile latch paired with a nonvolatile cell. On POR release nonvolatile cell outputs are loaded to volatile latches and the volatile latch drives the output of the NVL. FEATURES * A 4Ãâ€"8-bit NV latch for device configuration * A 4Ãâ€"8-bit Write Once NV latch for device security 2. 2. 4 SRAM PSoC ® 3 and PSoC ® 5 devices include on-chip SRAM. These families offer devices that range from 2 to 64 kilobytes. PSoC 3 devices offer an additional 4 kilobytes as a trace buffer. * Organized as up to three blocks of 4 KB each, including the 4 KB trace buffer, for CY8C38 family. * Organized as up to 16 blocks of 4 KB each, for CY8C55 family. * Code can be executed out of portions of SRAM, for CY8C55 family. * 8-, 16-, or 32-bit accesses. In PSoC 3 devices the CPU has 8-bit direct access to SRAM. * Zero wait state accesses. * Arbitration of SRAM accesses by the CPU and the DMA controller. * Different blocks can be accessed simultaneously by the CPU and the DMA controller. 2. 2. 5 FLASH PROGAMMING MEMORY PSoC 3 and PSoC 5 include on-chip Flash memory. These two families offer devices that range from 16 to 256 kilobytes. Additional Flash is available for either error correction bytes or data storage. PSoC 3 and PSoC 5 Flash memory have the following features: * Organized in rows, where each row contains 256 data bytes plus 32 bytes for either error correcting codes (ECC) or data storage. * For PSoC 3 architecture: CY8C38 Family, organized as one block of 64, 128, or 256 rows. * For PSoC 5 architecture: CY8C55 Family, organized as either one block of 128 or 256 rows, or as multiple blocks of 256 rows each. Stores CPU program and bulk or nonvolatile data * For PSoC 5 architecture: CY8C55 Family, 8-, 16-, or 32-bit read accesses. PSoC 3 architecture has only 8-bit direct access. 2. 2. 6 EEPROM PSoC 3 and PSoC ®5 devices have on-chip EEPROM memory. These two families offer devices that range from 512 bytes to 2 kilobytes. * PSoC 3 and PSoC 5 EEPROM memory have the following features: * Organized in rows, where each row contains 16 bytes * Organized as one block of 32, 64, or 128 rows, depending on the device * Stores nonvolatile data * Write and erase using SPC commands Byte read access by CPU or DMA using the PHUB * Programmable with a simple command/status register interface EEPROM memory provides nonvolatile storage for user data. EEPROM write and erase operation is done using SPC commands. It may be read by both the CPU and the DMA controller, using the PHUB. All read accesses are 8-bit. 2. 2. 7 EMIF PSoC 3 and PSoC 5 architectures provide an external memory interface (EMIF) for connecting to external memory devices and peripheral devices. The connection allows read and write access to the devices. The EMIF operates in conjunction withUDBs, I/O ports, and other PSoC 3 and PSoC 5 components to generate the necessary address, data, and control signals. The EMIF does not intercept address data between the PHUB and the I/O ports. It only generates the required control signals to latch the address and data at the ports. The EMIF generates a clock to run external synchronous and asynchronous memories. It can generate four different clock frequencies, which are the bus clock divided by 1, 2, 3, or 4. The EMIF supports four types of external memory: synchronous SRAM, asynchronous SRAM, cellular RAM/PSRAM, and NOR Flash. External memory can be accessed via the 8051 xdata space or the ARM Cortex-M3 external RAM space; up to 24 address bits can be used. The memory can be 8 or 16 bits wide. 2. 3 SYSTEM WIDE RESOURCES 2. 3. 1 CLOCKING SYSTEM The clock system has these: * Four internal clock sources increase system integration: * 3 to 67 MHz Internal Main Oscillator (IMO)  ±1% at 3 MHz * 1 kHz, 33 kHz, 100 kHz Internal Low Speed Oscillator (ILO) outputs * 12 to 67 MHz clock doubler output, sourced from IMO, MHz External Crystal Oscillator (MHzECO), and Digital System * Interconnect (DSI) 24 to 67 MHz fractional Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) sourced from IMO, MHzECO, and DSI * DSI signal from an external I/O pin or other logic as well as a clock source * Two external clock sources provide high precision clocks: * 4 to 33 MHz External Crystal Oscillator (MHzECO) * 32. 768 kHz External Crystal Oscillator (kHzECO) for Real Time Clock (RTC) * Dedicated 16-bit divider for bus clock Eight individually sourced 16-bit clock dividers for the digital system peripherals * Four individually sourced 16-bit clock dividers for the analog system peripherals * IMO has a USB mode that auto locks to the USB bus clock, requiring no external crystal for USB. (USB equipped parts only) 2. 3. 2 POWER SUPPLY AND MONITORING PSoC 3 and PSoC 5 devices have separate external analog and digital supply pins, labeled respectively Vdda and Vddd. The devices have two internal 1. 8V regulators that provide the digital (Vccd) and analog (Vcca) supplies for the internal core logic. The output pins of the regulators (Vccd and Vcca) have very specific capacitor requirements that are listed in the datasheet. These regulators are available: * Analog regulator for the analog domain supply * Digital regulator for the digital domain supply * Sleep regulator for the sleep domain * I2C regulator for powering the I2C logic * Hibernate regulator for supplying keep alive power for state retention during hibernate 2. 3. 3 WATCH DOG TIMER The Watchdog Timer (WDT) circuit automatically reboots the system in the event of an unexpected execution path. This timer must be serviced periodically. If not, the CPU resets after a specified period of time. Once the WDT is enabled it cannot be disabled except during a reset event. This is done to prevent any errant code from disabling the WDT reset function. To use the WDT function, the user is required to enable the WDT function during their startup code. The WDT has the following features: * Protection settings to prevent accidental corruption of the WDT * Optionally-protected servicing (feeding) of the WDT * A configurable low power mode to reduce servicing requirements during sleep mode * A status bit for the watchdog event that shows the status even after a watchdog reset 2. . 4RESET POWER ON RESET Power on Reset (POR) is provided primarily for a system reset at power up. The IPOR will hold the device in reset until all four voltages; Vdda, Vcca, Vddd, Vccd, are to datasheet specification. The POR activates automatically at power up and consists of: An imprecise POR (IPOR) – is used to keep the device in reset during i nitial power up of the device until the POR can be activated A precision POR (PRES) – derived from a circuit calibrated for a very accurate location of the POR trip point. The power on RESET clears all the reset status registers WATCHDOG RESET Watchdog Reset (WRES) detects errant code by causing a reset if the watchdog timer is not cleared within the userspecified time limit. The user must always set the WRES initialization code. This was done to allow the user to dynamically choose whether or not to enable the watchdog timer SOFTWARE INITIATED RESET Software Initiated Reset (SRES) is a mechanism that allows a software-driven reset. The RESET_CR2 register forces a device reset when a 1 is written into bit 0. This setting can be made by firmware or with a DMA. The RESET_SR0 [5] status bit becomes set on the occurrence f a software reset. This bit remains set until cleared by the user or until a POR reset. EXTERNAL RESET External Reset (XRES_N) is a user-supplied reset that causes immediate system reset when asserted. XRES_N is available on a dedicated pin on some devices, as well as a shared GPIO pin P1[2] on all devices. The shared pin is available through a customer-programmed NV Latch setting and supports low pin count p arts that don't have a dedicated XRES_N pin. This path is typically configured during the boot phase immediately after power up. 3. CONCLUSION